Household businesses make up the majority of firms in developing economies. This paper uses a novel tax census database that covers the universe of tax-registered household businesses to analyze the entry and exit of owner-operated firms in Vietnam during ...

In many low- and middle-income countries, the lack of access to essential infrastructure such as roads, electricity, and information and communications technology may hinder the provision of many critical services such as health care. For instance, scarce ...

In the presence of strategic complementarities stemming from peer effects in demand or from technological spill-overs, propagation and amplification mechanisms increase the effectiveness of climate policies. This suggests that climate goals can be met ...

Measuring the economic impact of a war is a daunting task. Common indicators like casualties, infrastructure damages, and gross domestic product effects provide useful benchmarks, but they fail to capture the complex welfare effects of wars. This paper ...

As the two-year Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis appears to wane, new economic shocks have cast shadows over the global economy heightening uncertainty about the short-to-medium path to recovery. The supply shock associated with the war in Ukraine is ...

The first Coronavirus (COVID-19) cases were reported in December 2019 (WHO, 2020). Governments around the world have tried various interventions to stop the COVID-19 spread and encourage vaccination. With growing evidence of the governments’ COVID-19 ...

As the COVID-19 pandemic has continued to take its toll on human life, businesses in North Macedonia have continued to struggle despite a return to some normalcy. Th­is note examines the state of the private sector in North Macedonia by comparing the ...

During Myanmar's decade of reforms, financial sector reforms were widely recognized to be a critical underpinning of Myanmar's democratization process, enabling the transition to a more egalitarian, accessible economy. Accordingly, the government ...